Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (2024)

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Ages: 4-0 through 24-11
Testing Time: 40 minutes
Administration: Individual

The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP) was published in 1999 to meet the need for an assessment of reading-related phonological processing skills. Since its initial publication, the CTOPP has been popular with professionals in psychology and education. It has been used in many studies of reading and phonological processing in both typical and clinical populations. The extent of its widespread adoption and usage is evident from the results of a recent search of the PsychInfo database for research studies using the terms Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing or CTOPP. The query returned 4,287 results.

Characteristics of the CTOPP-2

All new normative data were collected in 2008 and 2009. The test was normed on 1,900 individuals ranging in age from 6 through 24 years. The demographic characteristics of the sample conform to those of the population reported in the Statistical Abstract of the United States, and are, therefore, representative of the U.S. population.

The floor effects present in the 5- and 6-year-old version of the first edition have been eliminated by the addition of easier items and the ceilings were extended by the addition of more difficult items. The results of the item additions were so successful that it now is appropriate to administer the CTOPP-2 to 4-year-olds. The lower version of the CTOPP-2 now covers the 4- to 6-year-old range. A new phonological awareness subtest called Phoneme Isolation was added.

The model of phonological processing abilities was clarified. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out and justified the presence of rapid naming subtests on a test of phonological processing. The model for 4- to 6-year-old range was revised by adding rapid naming of digits and letters to this version, and reporting scores on both symbolic and non-symbolic rapid naming at this level.

Uses of the CTOPP-2
The CTOPP-2 has four principal uses: (1) to identify individuals who are significantly below their peers in important phonological abilities, (2) to determine strengths and weaknesses among developed phonological processes, (3) to document individuals' progress in phonological processing as a consequence of special intervention programs, and (4) to serve as a measurement device in research studies investigating phonological processing.

CTOPP-2 Subtests

  1. Elision measures the ability to remove phonological segments from spoken words to form other words.
  2. Blending Words measures the ability to synthesize sounds to form words.
  3. Sound Matching measures the ability to select words with the same initial and final sounds.
  4. Phoneme Isolation measures the ability to isolate individual sounds within words.
  5. Blending Nonwords measures the ability to synthesize sounds to form nonwords.
  6. Segmenting Nonwords measures the ability to segment nonwords into phonemes.
  7. Memory for Digits measures the ability to repeat numbers accurately.
  8. Nonword Repetition measures the ability to repeat nonwords accurately.
  9. Rapid Digit Naming measures the ability to rapidly name numbers.
  10. Rapid Letter Naming measures the ability to rapidly name letters.
  11. Rapid Color Naming measures the ability to rapidly name colors.
  12. Rapid Object Naming measures the ability to rapidly name objects.

CTOPP-2 Composites
Phonological Awareness Composite Score (PACS) comprises the standard scores of three subtests-Elision, Blending Words, and Sound Matching-for 4 through 6 year olds, and Elision, Blending Words, and Phoneme Isolation for 7through 24 year olds. The PACS represents the examinee’s awareness of and access to the phonological structure of oral language.

Phonological Memory Composite Score (PMCS) comprises the standard scores of two subtests -Memory for Digits and Nonword Repetition-for all individuals. The PMCS represents the examinee's ability to code information phonologically for temporary storage in working or short-term memory.

The Rapid Symbolic Naming Composite Score (RSNCS) comprises the standard scores of two subtests-Rapid Digit Naming and Rapid Letter Naming - for all individuals. The RSNCS measures the examinee’s ability to include efficient retrieval of phonological information from long-term or permanent memory and execute a sequence of operations quickly and repeatedly.

Rapid Non-Symbolic Naming Composite Score (RNNCS) comprises the standard scores of two subtests-Rapid Color Naming and Rapid Object Naming and offers an alternative for young children, ages 4 through 6 year olds, not familiar with letters and numbers. The RNNCS measures the examinee’s ability to include efficient retrieval of phonological information from long-term or permanent memory and executing a sequence of operations quickly and repeatedly using objects and colors.

The Alternate Phonological Awareness Composite Score (APACS), an alternate composite for measuring phonological awareness is available for 7 through 24 year olds. It is formed by combining the scaled scores from Blending Nonwords and Segmenting Nonwords. The APACS measures the examinee’s phonological awareness exclusively with nonwords.

Scores Available
The CTOPP-2 yields six types of normative scores: age equivalents, grade equivalents, percentile ranks, subtest scaled scores, composite indexes, and developmental scores. Percentile ranks are easily understood by parents and others with whom the examiner might want to share the results. Subtest scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. The composite score indexes have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Age and grade equivalents show the relative standing of individuals’ scores. A new Rasch-based developmental score is now available for the non-speeded subtests.

Statistical Characteristics
Reliability of the CTOPP-2 subtests and composites was demonstrated by average internal consistency coefficients presented for the subtests that exceed .80 for all except Nonword Repetition with an average alpha of .77. The average internal consistency coefficients for the composites were all .85 or higher, a highly desirable level for reliability.

Validity of the CTOPP-2 subtests and composites was demonstrated by correlations to measures directly related to the constructs measured by the CTOPP-2. The averaged coefficients for the subtests range from .49 (moderate) to .84 (very large); those for the composites range from .65 (large) to .76 (very large) in magnitude.

Complete CTOPP-2 Kit includes: Examiner’s Manual, 25 Examiner Record Booklets for ages 4 through 6, 25 Examiner Record Booklets for ages 7 through 24, Picture Book, and 2 CDs, all in a sturdy storage box. (© 2013)

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Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (2024)

FAQs

What is the comprehensive test of phonological processing? ›

The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP) is an instrument that can be used to measure phonological processing abilities of school aged children. This instrument employs a variety of subtests to measure several components of phonological processing.

How do you test phonological processing? ›

Participants are asked to carry out tasks involving elision, blending words and non-words, sound matching, phoneme isolation, segmenting non-words, memory for digits, non-word repetition, and rapid digit, letter, colour and object naming. The test should be administered individually and takes about 40 minutes.

What age is the comprehensive test of phonological processing? ›

Applicable across two age levels, 4-6 and 7-24, the CTOPP-2 has five composites: Phonological Awareness Component Scores (PACS) represents awareness of and access to the phonological structure of oral language.

What is the standardized test for phonological processes? ›

For educational, clinical, and research teams who need broad and deep information about the phonological skills required for reading fluency, the CTOPP-2 provides reliable scores for phonological awareness (including phoneme isolation), phonological memory, and rapid symbolic and non-symbolic naming for students ages 4 ...

Is the Ctopp a cognitive assessment? ›

Assesses general cognitive, non-verbal ability. Gives a comparison of strengths of visual, auditory and kinaesthetic working memory and executive function ability. The Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing (CTOPP) assesses phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid naming.

Who can administer the Ctopp? ›

A degree from an accredited 4-year college or university in psychology, counseling, or a closely related field PLUS satisfactory completion of coursework in test interpretation, psychometrics and measurement theory, educational statistics, or a closely related area; OR license or certification from an agency that ...

Does Ctopp diagnose dyslexia? ›

Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing -2 (CTOPP-2)

We find the CTOPP-2 to be very valuable in identifying underlying phonological processing skills and, thus, dyslexia.

What is an example of a phonological processing disorder? ›

For example, a child who drops last consonants may say "boo" for "book" and "pi" for "pig", but may have no problem saying words like "key" or "go". These errors may make it hard for other people to understand the child.

Is phonological processing the same as dyslexia? ›

The problems associated with dyslexia are language-based, not visual and not related to cognitive skills or intelligence. Phonological processing problems are the principal cause of dyslexia.

Is phonological processing a learning disability? ›

Phonological difficulties can be linked specifically to dyslexia. Dyslexia is a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin. It is characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding abilities.

Is the Ctopp a speech or language assessment? ›

Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing, Second Edition (CTOPP-2) is one of the most common assessment tools used by speech language pathologists to evaluate a child's phonological processing abilities, which are important prerequisites to reading fluency.

At what age should phonological processes disappear? ›

Syllable Structure
Phonological ProcessDefinitionAge Gone By
Final Consonant DeletionWhen the last sound of a word is deleted.3 years old
Weak Syllable DeletionWhen the unstressed or “weak” part of a word is deleted.4 years old
Cluster ReductionWhen two or more consonants together get reduced to one consonant.4 years old
1 more row

What is the phonological process assessment tool? ›

The main phonological assessments we use are: PhAB2 - Phonological assessment battery measures; initial sound isolation, the speed of phonological production, rhyme identification, segmenting, phonological information, decoding ability, blending and phoneme separation.

How do you test a child's phonological awareness? ›

Say a word in two parts. Pronounce each phoneme such as 'o' and 'pen'. Can children blend them together to make the word 'open'?

What is a phonological screening test? ›

The Phonological Awareness Screening Test (PAST) assesses skills in phonemic awareness. It is one component that should be considered along with the information from the screening assessment it is being used with. The PAST is a free resource.

What does the Ctopp measure? ›

The CTOPP-2 is a comprehensive instrument designed to assess phonological awareness, phonological memory, and rapid naming. People with deficits in one or more of these areas may have more difficulty reading than those who do not.

What is the preschool comprehensive test of phonological and print processing? ›

The PreCTOPPP was designed for use with children from 3 through 5 years of age. Like the CTOPP, the Pre-CTOPPP provides assessment of all three areas of phonological processing: phonological sensitivity, phonological memory, and phonological access.

What is phonological comprehension? ›

It's the ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language. Phonemic awareness — being able to tune in to the individual sounds in a word — is part of phonological awareness.

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